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一種成本更低的太陽能光伏電池 The Brilliant Idea: A solar cell that requires only a fraction of the silicon used in standard PV. 一項杰出的發明:一種所需要的硅材料僅僅是當今傳統硅基太陽能電池一小部分的太陽能電池. Innovators: Harry Atwater, Michael Kelzenberg, Nathan Lewis, California Institute of Technology 發明者:哈利 阿特霍特,邁克 克爾澤伯格, 內森 劉易斯,加州理工大學 Chemist Harry Atwater’s gift for manipulating light has led to some eye-opening innovations, including an “invisibility cloak.” His most recent feat: reinventing the solar cell. 化學家哈利 阿特霍特對于如何利用光的研究帶來了一些很有啟發的新發明, 其中包括所謂的“隱身斗篷”。他最近的一項貢獻則是發明了一種新型的太陽能電池。 More than half of the silicon acting as a semiconductor in standard photovoltaic (PV) panels—made of wafers—winds up as shavings on the factory floor. Atwater’s team at Caltech wastes virtually nothing, instead growing silicon microwires using vapor deposition. (Picture a tiny bed of nails growing out of a cloud of silicon-rich gas.) Researchers coat the microwires with a light-absorbing material, then embed them, along with light-scattering particles, in a clear polymer that has a reflective backing. As light pours in, it bounces around until 90 percent has been absorbed. 當今傳統的光伏器件(太陽能電池板)有一半以上是以硅這種半導體材料為基礎的,它們都是用硅晶片制成的,整個過程類似于在工廠車間里對硅片進行“刨花和修飾”(當然事實上是個較復雜的過程,包含各種化學物理工藝過程)。加州理工的阿特霍特的團隊利用了氣相沉積的方法在基底上生長了一種極細的硅絲來替代傳統的硅晶片,這種方法幾乎沒有原材料的浪費。(如圖所示一個小基底位于富硅氣體環境中其上方長出許多釘狀硅晶體)。研究者們在這些極細的硅絲的上方沉積一層光吸收材料,然后把它們和一些能夠散射光的微粒一起嵌入一個底部有一層反射層的透明聚合物。當光入射的時候,由于其內部結構的原因,大約90%的光線都被吸收。 The wire arrays require only 1 percent of the silicon—which accounts for roughly half of the manufacturing costs—of standard PV. The first tests of the technology at scale converted light into electricity at a rate of 8 percent, which the team is convinced it can double (standard PV has 20 percent efficiency). Plus, the cells are flexible enough to be applied to roof shingles or curtain walls. “They have the photovoltaic properties of conventional solar cells but the mechanical properties of a plastic bag,” Atwater says. 這種利用微細硅絲的光伏組件中硅的實際含量大約只有1%,正是這個原因導致了整個制造的成本大約只有傳統硅基光伏產業的一半。首次測試這種新技術的光電轉換效率達到了8%,并且該團隊相信不久的將來其效率能夠翻倍(傳統的硅基太陽能電池的光電轉換效率在20%左右,事實上單節的單晶硅基電池實驗室最高能達到26%左右,商業應用的大概18%左右)。更加值得一提的是,由于此種新型電池的柔韌特性,使得它有望應用于屋頂的瓦片上或是窗簾墻上(傳統的硅基電池板柔軟度和重量都受限)。就像阿特霍特所說“這種電池具備了太陽能電池的光伏特性的同時也具備了塑料袋的機械特性(像塑料袋一樣柔軟輕便)。” |