3 不確定度論置疑
3.1 什么是不確定度?
國際標準化組織的“測量不確定度導則ISO:1993(E)”[2]載
“(測量)不確定度
與測量結果相關的參數,表征合理賦予的被測量之值的分散性。”
國際標準化組織(ISO)“測量不確定度導則” 篇幅很長,以下簡稱為不確定度論。
3.2 不確定度論的問題
1基本定義亂變
在不確定度論的發展史上,各次對“不確定度”的定義有兩類:
A 由測量結果給出的被測量的估計值中可能誤差的量度。
B 表征被測量的真值所處的量值范圍的評定。(VIM,1984,3.09條。)
C VIM第二版(1993)3.9項
uncertainty (of measurement) – parameter, associated with the result of a measurement, that characterizes the dispersion of the values that could reasonably be attributed to the measurand.
葉譯:與測量結果相關的參數,表示合理賦予的被測量之值的分散性(以上三點見參考文獻[1])。
本文譯:與測量結果相關的參量,它表征量值的分散性,這個分散性可以合理地歸因于被測量。
D VIM第三版(2004)2.11項(網上資料)
uncertainty
parameter that characterizes the dispersion of the quantity values that are being attributed
to a measurand, based on the information used
參考文獻
[1] 馮師顏 誤差理論與實驗數據處理 科學出版社 1964
[2] 葉德培編 測量不確定度 國防工業出版社 1996年9月
附錄 測量不確定度導則 ISO:1993(E)
[3] Barry N. Taylor and Chris E. Kuyatt . Guidelines for Evaluating and Expressing the Uncertainty of NIST Measurement Results . NIST Technical Note 1297 1994 Edition
[4] ISO VIM (DGUIDE 99999) 網上資料
原文
uncertainty principle physical principle, enunciated by Werner Heisenberg in 1927, that places an absolute, theoretical limit on the combined accuracy of certain pairs of simultaneous, related measurements. The accuracy of a measurement is given by the uncertainty in the result; if the measurement is exact, the uncertainty is zero. According to the uncertainty principle, the mathematical product of the combined uncertainties of simultaneous measurements of position and momentum in a given direction cannot be less than Planck's constant h divided by 4π. The principle also limits the accuracies of simultaneous measurements of energy and of the time required to make the energy measurement. The value of Planck's constant is extremely small, so that the effect of the limitations imposed by the uncertainty principle are not noticeable on the large scale of ordinary measurements; however, on the scale of atoms and elementary particles the effect of the uncertainty principle is very important. Because of the uncertainties existing at this level, a picture of the submicroscopic world emerges as one of statistical probabilities rather than measurable certainties. On the large scale it is still possible to speak of causality in a framework described in terms of space and time; on the atomic scale this is not possible. Such a description would require exact measurements of such quantities as position, speed, energy, and time, and these quantities cannot be measured exactly because of the uncertainty principle. It does not limit the accuracy of single measurements, of nonsimultaneous measurements, or of simultaneous measurements of pairs of quantities other than those specifically restricted by the principle. Even so, its restrictions are sufficient to prevent scientists from being able to make absolute predictions about future states of the system being studied. The uncertainty principle has been elevated by some thinkers to the status of a philosophical principle, called the principle of indeterminacy, which has been taken by some to limit causality in general. See quantum theory .